As temperatures drop and we gather indoors, respiratory illnesses become more common, peaking between December and February. Whether at schools, workplaces, or social gatherings, contagious illnesses like the flu, colds,COVID-19, and RSV spread quickly through airborne droplets when we cough, sneeze, or talk. But how can you tell if your symptoms are from allergies, a cold, flu, COVID-19, or RSV? And with numerous over the counter (OTC) treatments available, how do you know which option is best for relief?
ALLERGIES VS. RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES
Allergies, triggered by environmental allergens like ragweed, mold, pet dander, and dust mites, are prevalent in the fall. Allergy symptoms include sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, and nasal congestion. Allergies, however, do not cause fever or body aches. OTC antihistamines and nasal sprays help control symptoms. Minimizing your exposure to allergens and starting treatment early can reduce discomfort.
THE COMMON COLD
The common cold is caused by various respiratory viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common. Cold symptoms typically include a stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, and cough. Unlike allergies, colds may be accompanied by a low-grade fever or body aches. Symptoms usually last seven to ten days. While there’s no cure, supportive care with OTC remedies like antihistamines, throat lozenges, and cough suppressantscan help. Antibiotics are ineffective against the common cold since it is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Staying hydrated and getting rest is crucial for recovery.
FLU, COVID-19, AND RSV
Influenza (flu), COVID-19, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are viral respiratory illnesses that vary in severity. While these illnesses share some symptoms, each has distinct features.
Flu: The flu often strikes suddenly, with fever, body aches, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms like a sore throat and cough. Flu season spans from October to March. Antiviral medications can shorten the flu if taken within forty-eight hours of symptom onset.
COVID-19: COVID-19 symptoms vary but can include fever, fatigue, congestion, body aches, loss of taste or smell, nausea, and shortness of breath. COVID-19 symptoms often last longer than those of the flu or a cold. Paxlovid, anantiviral medication, is effective when started within five days of symptoms but has become expensive for some.
RSV: RSV primarily affects the lower respiratory tract and is dangerous for infants, older adults, and those withweakened immune systems. Symptoms include fever, coughing, and wheezing — a high-pitched whistling sound during breathing. RSV can lead to more serious conditions likepneumonia in vulnerable groups. Currently, no antiviral treatments exist for RSV, but supportive care helps manage symptoms.
Vaccines for flu, COVID-19, and RSV are available and may reduce the risk of severe illness. These vaccines areespecially important for high-risk groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with chronic health conditions.
OTC MEDICATIONS
OTC medications can help manage respiratory illness symptoms. Long-acting twenty-four-hour antihistamines are generally more effective than short-acting antihistamines for treating runny noses and post-nasal drip. Expectorants like guaifenesin can help loosen respiratory secretions during the day, while cough suppressants containing dextromethorphan are helpful at night for reducing coughing and improving sleep. For nasal congestion, decongestants like pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, or oxymetazoline nasal sprays can provide short-term relief but should be used for no more than three days. Those with certain medical conditions should avoid decongestants. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce fever and body aches. However, antibiotics are ineffective for viral infections, and overuse can contribute to antibiotic resistance, a significant global health threat.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE
While most respiratory illnesses can be managed at home, medical care is necessary if symptoms persist for more than two weeks, worsen, or are accompanied by shortness of breath. Establishing a relationship with a primary careprovider is key to personalized treatment during illness. Some respiratory conditions, especially in vulnerable groups, can lead to serious complications like pneumonia. Timely medical intervention helps prevent severe outcomes and speeds up recovery.
STAY PROACTIVE
Understanding the differences between respiratory illnesses like colds, flu, COVID-19, and RSV can help you manage symptoms effectively. Vaccines, early symptom management, and OTC medications are critical tools in preventing illness and relieving symptoms. When in doubt, consult your primary care provider to ensure you receive the best carefor your health needs. By staying informed and proactive, you can navigate respiratory illness season while protecting yourself and others.
Jacqueline Phillips, APRN, is a regular healthcare contributor to Do South Magazine.
Phillips Medical Clinic
613 Lexington Avenue, Fort Smith, Arkansas
479.242.9797 I PhillipsMedicalClinic.com
